Notizen zu dieser Person
2 GIVN Dr. Robert 2 SURN Koch Date and place of death re: Comptons Encyclopedia: May 28, 1910 at Baden-Baden, Germany [Mathews2.FBK.FTW] Professor, doctor-bacteriology. In 1905 he was given the Nobel Prize for the
discovery of the causes of anthrax and tuberculosisas well as the Tsetsfly,
which causes sleeping sickness. Divorced his wife when his daughter was grown. From 1862-1865 he studied at the University of Gottingen, one semester of
natural science, then medical science, he spent his last semester in Berlin. He
obtained his PHD in Gottingen, Staatsexamen (final exams) in Hannover; medical
doctor in different places; 1870-1871, he participated in the war as a doctor,
in 1872did scientific work in Wollstein, Germany (Entdeckung des
Milzbranderregers/cause of anthrax; further scientific work followed
(Entedeckund des Tuberkelbazillus and des Erregers der Maleria, causes for
tuberculosis and Maleria, etc) From "Advent of Health" [http://limiting.tripod.com/koch.htm] Robert Koch (1843-1910) was a German doctor and bacteriologist whose
contributions are numerous, but almost all his ideas are rooted in the aspect
of diseases. In the 1870s, he found that anthrax, a disease occurring in
warm-blooded animals grew from only viable rods or spores of bacillus
anthracis. He had demonstrated how to acquire these bacteria from infected
animals, how to domesticate them artificially, and how to exterminate them.
While growing these bacteria, he identified and cultivated several different
cultures, which he infected into healthy animals to show which microorganism
caused a disease. This led to his central theme which was that specific
microbes were responsible for specific diseases. This was the first time it was
absolutely confirmed; Louis Pasteur had brought up this subject in his germ
theory of disease. Koch isolated the bacterium tubercle bacillus, the microbe responsible for
tuberculosis (TB), in 1882. That same year, he gave a lecture on this
discovery that was attended by Paul Ehrlich, who began experimenting with dyes
to improve Koch's methods. Then, in 1890, Koch found tuberculin, which is a
substance that was originally considered to be a cure for TB, and is now
globally used to identify the existence of TB. In 1905, Koch won the Nobel
Prize for tuberculin. In 1883, Koch was appointed head of a commission to investigate the cholera
microbe. He identified the comma bacillus that causes Asiatic cholera; in the
next 11 years, millions would die from a global cholera epidemic. He also found
that the cholerae bacillus was usually spread to humans through the water. Koch
also discovered that rats with fleas were responsible for the bubonic plague,
as was the tsetse fly for the sleeping sickness. Before Koch's experiments, there was widespread confusion about the occurrence
and cause of diseases. Koch cleared up this conclusion by proving Pasteur's
germ theory. He helped increase the awareness of microorganisms to the modern
science of bacteriology. He had isolated several disease-causing bacteria,
found the animal carries of some major diseases, and developed elementary
techniques for devising cultures of bacteria to be studied under the
microscope. Because of his intensive laboratory research, we now understand the
results of a number of diseases, that are even more explained in his four
principles. Koch's postulates are another contribution to the modern study of
bacteriology. Summary of achievements Koch+us main contribution was to the field of bacteriology where he did more to
advance the world+us understanding of microbes as causes of disease than any
other scientist (with perhaps the exception of Louis Pasteur). Koch developed
new techniques and adapted old techniques to new uses. With his students, he
created the majority of techniques for the modern study of bacteria. Koch
established the new fields of medical bacteriology, public health and hygiene.
Advances in the control of infectious disease build on Koch+us seminal work on
germ theory and disease. Between 1876 and 1899 most of the major bacterial
pathogens were isolated and characterised and most of the discoverers were
German or German influenced, Koch played a major role in this. Koch was a first rate experimenter, making careful and patient observations,
working hard and with keen insight. His motto +tnunquam otiosus+u (never idle)
and his saying +tNicht locker lassen+u (never give up) exemplified the energy and
determination he put into his research. http://www.iah.bbsrc.ac.uk/iah_education/Koch_teachers.htm Major accomplishments Put the germ theory of disease on an experimental footing Koch+us postulates Developed the plate technique for the pure culture of bacteria - an essential
technique for the fields of bacteriology and genetics of bacteriology Perfected technique of microscopic observation of bacteria, which led to the
development of the field of microscopic pathology. Made the first photomicrographs of bacteria Developed the slide technique for studying bacterial cultures Determined the lifecycle of the anthrax bacillus and the importance of
endospores Discovered the tubercle bacillus Isolated the bacterium causing cholera Defined essential procedures and methodology in disinfection and sterilisation Observed tuberculin sensitivity, which became the foundation of cellular
immunology Discovered that water filtration would control cholera Identified the carrier state Developed policies on public health and hygiene Described the aetiology of wound infection Founded the important school of bacteriology Made significant contributions to tropical medicine Key Dates DateEvent 11 December 1843Heinrich Herrmann Robert Koch born in Claustal, a small mining
town in the Harz Mountains, Lower Saxony, Germany. His father, Herrmann Koch,
was a mining administrator and later to be head of the mine. His mother was
called Mathilde Juliette Henriette Biewend. 1862Left school with good but not outstanding grades and went to Gottingen
University to train to be a teacher but soon changed to study medicine. By the
age of 22 had 2 substantial research papers 1866Graduated as a doctor and became a medical assistant at Hamburg General
Hospital where he showed an interest in research carrying out careful
microscopical examinations of pathological material and first became acquainted
with the disease cholera. 1866-1868Held position in an institution for education and care of retarded
children at Langenhagen near Hannover and started his own medical practise 1867Married Emmy (Adolfine Josefine ) Fraatz 6 September 1868Daughter, Gertrud, born June, 1868Set up medical practise in Braetz July, 1869Set up medial practise in Rakwitz 1870Outbreak of Franco-German war. Koch volunteers as physician in a
battlefield hospital where he had experience of typhoid fever and battle
wounds. 1871Returns to Rakwitz 1872Passes exams to become District Medical Officer and takes up post at
Wollstein where he also sets up his own practise. 1873Starts to study anthrax 1875Attends scientific and medical meetings and visits laboratories. Returns
determined to make a scientific contribution of his own. Develops artificial
culture medium (aqueous humour of cattle eyes) for growth of anthrax bacterium
and identifies spore formation. In 1 month he has worked out the life cycle of
the anthrax bacterium (Bacillus anthracis) and explained the significance of
the spores allowing the organism to remain alive in the soil. 1877Produces first photographs of bacteria by adapting light microscope and
developing the slide technique and staining methods. 1872-1879Demonstrates that different septic conditions arising from wounds are
due to different organisms. July 1879Becomes City Medical Officer for Breslau and tries to set up own
practise but fails. October 1879Moves back to Wollstein . July 1880Moves to Berlin as Head of a newly established laboratory of
bacterial research. At the age of 37 this is the beginning of his true career. 1880-Possibly Koch+us greatest contribution to the development of bacteriology
and microbiology as independent sciences was his introduction of pure culture
technique using solid or semi solid media. This technology led to the isolation
and characterisation of the causal organisms of almost all bacterial diseases
which affected humans. Others had already shown that microorganisms could be
grown on the surface of cut potatoes or solid media made from starch paste, egg
albumin, bread and meat. But pathogenic bacteria will not grow on potatoes so
he took nutrient media in which they do grow and solidified that with gelatin +X
nutrient gelatin. However this does not remain solid at the temperature for
bacterial growth or in summer heat. On the advice of an associate (Walther
Hesse) he replaced gelatin with agar as suggested by Hesse+us wife who had used
it for fruit jellies! 1882After developing new staining and culture techniques Koch announces the
discovery of the tubercle bacillus, the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis.
Kaiser Wilhelm appoints Koch +tImperial Privy Councillor+u 1883 +X1884Koch leads German team to study cholera in Egypt. He identifies an
organism that he is sure is the cause of the disease but cannot infect
experimental animals with it so doubts remain. However he does demonstrate that
the disease is transmitted through contaminated drinking water and this is a
major factor used in control of the disease. On his return to Germany he is
received by the Kaiser and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, presented with a medal
in his honour and, as the +tBacillus Father+u, celebrated throughout he German
Empire. 1885Becomes Professor of Hygiene at Friedrich-Wilhelm University, Berlin 1890Publishes his +tpostulates+u. These are the steps or procedures to prove
that a specific microbe is the cause of a specific infectious disease. They
are: 1. The organism must be constantly present. 2. The organism must be
isolated and grown in pure culture, 3. Pure cultures of the organism must
induce the disease when given to an experimental animal, 4. The same organism
is recovered August 1890Koch implies he has found a cure for tuberculosis and sufferers
from around the world flock to Berlin to be cured. Arthur Conan Doyle, a
physician as well as the creator of Sherlock Holmes, was sent to visit Koch in
Berlin by the Review of Reviews to write a report on the treatment. Koch is
awarded the Grand Cross of the Red Eagle by the German Emperor and given the
freedom of Berlin. 1891Koch realises that the basis for the +tcure+u, an extract of the tubercle
bacterium he calls tuberculin, is not a remedy at all. This material stimulates
a reaction in patients infected with the tubercle bacillus and his paper on the
subject is the first description of the cellular immune response. Tuberculin
becomes a useful diagnostic reagent. 1896Koch visits South Africa where he makes important contributions to the
study of malaria, sleeping sickness and many viral diseases of livestock,
including rinderpest. 1898Confirms the findings of Sir Ronald Ross that mosquitoes are responsible
for the transmission of malaria. Later develops methods using quinine for
eradicating malaria. 1901Koch is awarded the Harben medal for his work on tuberculosis. 1902In a stroke of genius he correctly explained the reason behind continued
outbreaks of typhoid fever, after the contaminated water supply had been
eliminated, as being due to human +tcarriers+u +X that is people who are infected
with the bacterium and can infect others but who themselves remain healthy. 1903Goes to Rhodesia to study a disease called Rhodesian redwater. He
demonstrates this is due to a protozoan parasite. 1904Officially retires but continues to work in Africa. 1905Goes on to Stockholm to receive the Nobel Prize for medicine. 27 May 1910Koch dies of a heart attack in Baden Baden !NOTE: Pedigree Resource File CD 4; ; (Salt Lake City, UT: Intellectual
Reserve, Inc., 1999); ; ; . !NOTE: Mathews2.FBK.FTW; ; ; ; , . . Date of Import: Aug 13, 1999 !BIRTH: Mathews2.FBK.FTW; ; ; ; , . . Date of Import: Aug 13, 1999 !DEATH: Mathews2.FBK.FTW; ; ; ; , . . Date of Import: Aug 13, 1999
Wolfgang
Krippendorff
