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Anne (6 February 1665 - 1 August 1714)[1] became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702. On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union, two of her realms, the kingdoms of England and Scotland, united as a single sovereign state, the Kingdom of Great Britain. She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death. Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II, who had no legitimate children. Her father, James, was first in line to the throne. His Catholicism was unpopular in England and on Charles's instructions Anne was raised as a Protestant. Three years after he succeeded Charles, James was deposed in the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688. Anne's Protestant brother-in-law and cousin William III became joint monarch with his wife, Anne's elder sister Mary II. Although the sisters had been close, disagreements over Anne's finances, status and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Mary's accession and they became estranged. William and Mary had no children. After Mary's death in 1694, William continued as sole monarch until he was succeeded by Anne upon his death in 1702. As queen, Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians, who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents, the Whigs. The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession, until in 1710 Anne dismissed many of them from office. Her close friendship with Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, turned sour as the result of political differences. Anne was plagued by ill-health throughout her life. From her 30s onwards, she grew increasingly lame and corpulent. Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband, Prince George of Denmark, she died without any surviving children and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart. Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701, she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover, who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother, Elizabeth, daughter of James VI and I. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Another version: Anne I, Queen of Great Britain from 1702 to 1714. The last Stuart monarch, she wished to rule independently, but her intellectual limitations and chronic ill health caused her to rely heavily on her ministers, who directed England's efforts against France and Spain in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14). The bitter rivalries between Whigs and Tories that characterized her reign were intensified by uncertainty over the succession to her throne. Anne was the second daughter of James, duke of York (King James II, 1685-88), and Anne Hyde. Although her father was a Roman Catholic, she was reared a Protestant at the insistence of her uncle, King Charles II. In 1683 Anne was married to the handsome, if uninspiring, Prince George of Denmark (1653-1708), who became her devoted companion. Of greater political consequence was Anne's intimate relationship with her childhood friend Sarah Jennings Churchill, wife of John Churchill (later 1st Duke of Marlborough). The beautiful, intelligent Sarah became Anne's lady of the bedchamber and soon had the princess in her power. It was Sarah who persuaded Anne to side with the Protestant ruler William III of Orange, stadholder of the Netherlands, when William overthrew James II in 1688. By the Bill of Rights (1689), William and his wife Mary, Anne's elder sister, were made king and queen of England, and Anne was placed in line for the succession to the throne. Anne and Mary had a bitter falling-out, and after Mary's death in 1694 William cultivated Anne's goodwill, but he refused to appoint her regent during his absences from England. Although Anne was pregnant 18 times between 1683 and 1700, only five children were born alive, and of these, only one, a son, survived infancy. His death in 1700 ended Anne's hopes of providing herself with a successor. Hence, she acquiesced to the Act of Settlement of 1701, which designated as her successors the Hanoverian descendants of King James I of England. Anne became queen upon William's death in March 1702. From the first she was motivated largely by an intense devotion to the Anglican church. She detested Roman Catholics and Dissenters and sympathized with High Church Tories. At the same time, she sought to be free from the domination of the political parties. Her first ministry, though predominantly Tory, was headed by two neutrals, Sidney Godolphin and the Duke of Marlborough. The influence of Sarah Churchill (now Duchess of Marlborough) over Anne was slight after 1703, though the duke remained commander of the British forces. Anne soon discovered that she disagreed with the Tories on strategy for the war; the queen, Marlborough, and the Whigs wanted to commit English troops to continental campaigns, while the Tories believed England should engage the enemy only at sea. Consequently, as Marlborough accumulated impressive victories on the Continent, pressure was exerted on Anne to admit Whigs to the ministry. She resisted obstinately and even grew cold toward the duchess, who adopted the cause of the Whig politicians. By 1707 the duchess had been supplanted in the queen's affections by Abigail Masham, the tool of the leading Tory, Robert Harley (later 1st Earl of Oxford). Nevertheless, the schemes of Harley and Masham caused Anne so much embarrassment that in 1708 she was forced to dismiss Harley and admit the most prominent Whigs into her administration. As the war dragged on, the nation turned against the Whigs. In 1710 Anne was able to expel them and appoint a Tory ministry. She dismissed both Marlboroughs from her service in 1711. The queen's advancing age and her infirmities made the succession a crucial issue. Leading Tories were in constant communication with Anne's exiled Roman Catholic brother, James, the Old Pretender, who had been excluded by law from the succession. Nevertheless, the suddenness of Anne's final illness and death frustrated any plans the Tories might have had for capturing the throne for the Pretender. Her last act was to secure the Protestant succession by placing the lord treasurer's staff in the hands of a capable moderate, Charles Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury, who presided over the peaceful accession of the Hanoverian prince George Louis (King George I, 1714-27). http://en.wikipedia.org
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