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34th United States President, United States General of the Army. One of seven sons of a poor Abilene, Kansas family, he discovered he could receive an education for free if he was accepted at the United States Military Academy at West Point. He passed the 1911 entry exam and graduated in the top half of his class. As the conflicts in Europe became World War II, he found himself on a rapid ascent. He rose to lead the armed forces fighting to liberate Europe, commanding the Allied Forces in invasions of North Africa, Sicily, Italy and Normandy, then directing the campaign from D-Day to the surrender of Germany. After the war's conclusion, he was appointed as the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Upon his return to the United States as a 5-star general, he served as the Army Chief of Staff with the main task being demobilization. Upon retirement, he accepted the presidency of Columbia University. Politics called and he became the Nation's 34th President, guiding America to peace by ending the Korean War. Americans enjoyed a strong, expanding economy under Eisenhower with solid economic growth, little inflation and low unemployment. He expanded social security and increased the minimum wage. The Interstate Highway System and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) were created and space exploration began. In 1959, Alaska and Hawaii became the 49th and 50th states of the Union. He was beset with heart problems beginning during his term in the White House and his health continued to decline during his retirement to a farm at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. At age 78, eight years after leaving the White house, he was admitted to Walter Reed Hospital where a heart attack took his life. His body laid in state at the White House and the Capitol Rotunda prior to a final service at the National Cathedral in Washington. Returned to Kansas, he was buried in the chapel on the grounds of the complex housing the Eisenhower boyhood home, library and museum. Burial: Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum Chapel Abilene Dickinson County Kansas, USA Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower; October 14, 1890 - March 28, 1969) was an American politician and general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942-43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944-45 from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO.[4] Eisenhower was of Pennsylvania Dutch and a lesser amount of Irish ancestry,[5] and was raised in a large family in Kansas by parents with a strong religious background. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud and had two sons. After World War II, Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman and then accepted the post of President at Columbia University.[6] Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft, campaigning against "communism, Korea and corruption." He won in a landslide, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson and temporarily upending the New Deal Coalition. Eisenhower was the first U.S. president to be constitutionally term-limited under the 22nd Amendment. Eisenhower's main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. In the first year of his presidency, he threatened the use of nuclear weapons in an effort to conclude the Korean War; his New Look policy of nuclear deterrence prioritized inexpensive nuclear weapons while reducing funding for conventional military forces. He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala. Eisenhower gave major aid to help France in Vietnam. He gave strong financial support to the new nation of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, which obliged the U.S. to militarily support the pro-Western Republic of China in Taiwan and continue the isolation of the People's Republic of China. After the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt, and forced them to withdraw. He also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. In 1958, Eisenhower sent 15,000 U.S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the pro-Western government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a summit meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident.[7] In his January 17, 1961 farewell address to the nation, Eisenhower expressed his concerns about the dangers of massive military spending, particularly deficit spending and government contracts to private military manufacturers, and coined the term "military-industrial complex".[8] On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking the modern expanded version of executive privilege. He otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. Eisenhower was a moderate conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. He also launched the Interstate Highway System, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the establishment of strong science education via the National Defense Education Act, and encouraged peaceful use of nuclear power via amendments to the Atomic Energy Act.[9] Eisenhower's two terms saw considerable economic prosperity except for a sharp recession in 1958-59. Voted Gallup's most admired man twelve times, he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office.[10] Since the late 20th century, consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Additional Information: Early Life and Pre-presidency Born Dwight David Eisenhower on October 14, 1890 in Denison, Texas. Parents: David Jacob Eisenhower and Ida Elizabeth Stover. Siblings: Arthur, Edgar, Roy, Paul, and Milton. Attended Abilene High School in Kansas, graduating in 1909. He then worked at the Belle Springs Creamery to support his brother Edgar through college because they did not have enough funds. They planned to trade places after two years. Applied and got accepted to West Point in 1911, where tuition was free, and graduated in 1915. Married Mary "Mamie" Geneva Doud (1896-1979) on July 1, 1916. Children: Doud Dwight (1917-1921) and John Sheldon Doud (1922-). In February 1918, he was transferred to Camp Meade in Maryland where he was assigned to train tank crews in the National Army and promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. He stayed there until 1922. Transferred to the Panama Canal Zone as executive officer to General Fox Conner and stayed until 1924. Attended Army War College and graduated in 1928. He then became an executive officer to General George C. Mosely and served from 1929 to 1933. Served as assistant military adviser to the Philippine government in 1935 under General Douglas MacArthur and stayed until 1939. He returned to the U.S. and held several staff positions. Assigned to the General Staff in Washington in 1941 where he was tasked to create plans to defeat Germany and Japan. He stayed until 1942 then accompanied the commanding general of the Armed Air Forces to assess the situation in London in May. In late June, he would return to London, this time as commanding general of the European Theater of Operations. Appointed Supreme Commander of the Allied Force of the North African Theater of Operations in November 1942. Operation Torch successfully defeated the Axis forces. He then oversaw the successful invasion of Siciliy, Italy and proceeded to the Italian mainland for Operation Avalanche against the German forces. Became Supreme Commander of the European Theater of Operations in December 1943. He led the Allied assault on the Normandy coast in June 1944 and the liberation of Western Europe from Germany. He would serve as Supreme Commander until the end of the war in May 1945. Served as Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany after the war then returned to the U.S. in November 1945. He was appointed Chief of Staff of the Army and served until 1948. Became President of Columbia University in 1948. He submitted his resignation in December 1950 to become Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, but he was placed on leave by the Board of Trustees instead. He retired from active service in May 1952 and returned to his presidency at Columbia where he served until January 1953. Nominated as the Presidential candidate of the Republican Party in the 1952 election. He won with 55% of the popular vote and a landslide in the electoral vote. Presidency Took his oath of office on January 20, 1953 at the East Portico, U.S. Capitol. Continued the New Deal programs instituted by former President Franklin Roosevelt, particularly the Social Security Act, by expanding its programs to cover more Americans and creating the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. On December 8, 1953, he delivered his "Atoms for Peace" address to the United Nations asking Russia to forestall a nuclear arms race after that country detonated its first hydrogen bomb. Opposed Joseph McCarthy's witchhunt for communists in the federal government during the Army-McCarthy hearings from April to June 1954. McCarthy would be censured by the U.S. Senate in December of that year. In January 1955, he proposed a resolution that would authorize the defense of Taiwan and the Pescadores. Congress approved the resolution on January 28, 1955. Suffered a moderate heart attack in September 1955 but recovered. Signed the Federal Aid Highway Act in June 1956. The law gave federal funding for the construction of interstate highways for both transportation and national defense. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court announced that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. On November 25, 1955, the Interstate Commerce Commission banned racial segregation on interstate buses and trains. On September 4, 1957, Eisenhower sent federal troops to public schools in Little Rock, Arkansas to enforce court-ordered desegregation. Attended the Geneva Conference in July 1955 with leaders from Great Britain, France, and the U.S.S.R. and presented his "Open Skies" proposal. The proposal required the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. to open each other's air space for surveillance of military infrastructures for nuclear weapons. The U.S.S.R. rejected the proposal. Authorized the deployment of U-2 spy planes over the Soviet Union in May 1956 amid growing concerns about the country's nuclear weapons program. Eisenhower was re-elected for a second term in the 1956 election. Signed the Civil Rights Act into law on September 9, 1957. The law ensured that all Americans, particularly African-Americans, could exercise the right to vote. The Civil Rights Act of 1960 imposed penalties on those obstructing other people's attempts to register to vote. When the Soviet Union launched Sputnik on October 4, 1957, Eisenhower rushed to improve the development of space technology in the U.S. He signed the National Defense Education Act in September 1958 to provide funding to U.S. education institutions particularly for science and technology research. On July 7, 1958, signed the bill making Alaska the 49th state admitted to the Union. On March 18, 1959, he signed the bill making Hawaii the 50th state admitted to the Union. With the growing spread of Communism, Eisenhower authorized the CIA to depose the leaders in Iran in 1953 and Guatemala in 1954. The CIA may also have tried to depose the leader of the Republic of Congo. In 1960, he authorized the CIA to begin training Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro. He would sever ties with Cuba on January 3, 1961. Post-presidency Retired to his farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. President John F. Kennedy and President Lyndon B. Johnson solicited his advice during their terms in office. Resigned his permanent commission as General of the Army when he became President. When he retired from the Presidency, his commission was reactivated by President Kennedy as a five-star general in the U.S. Army. Traveled to Normandy in 1964 to film a documentary for the 20th anniversary of D-Day. Publishd a two-volume memoir of his days in the White House: The White House Years (2 vols.), Volume 1: Mandate for Change (1963) and Volume 2: Waging Peace (1965) Published At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends in 1967. Suffered a heart attack again in 1965. He suffered another heart attack in July 1968 and was admitted to the Walter Reed Army Hospital where he stayed until his death. Died on March 28, 1969 of congestive heart failure. His body was transferred to the Bethlehem Chapel at the Washington National Cathedral on March 29. The next day, he was brought to the U.S. Capitol to lie in state in the Rotunda. He was then returned to the National Cathedral for a funeral service on March 31. After the service, his casket was loaded onto a train for Abilene, Kansas, arriving on April 2. He is interred in a chapel at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home in Abilene, Kansas. The Eisenhower Birthplace State Historical Site in Denison, Texas includes the home where Eisenhower was born. It is now a museum operated by the Texas Historical Commission. It was bought by Denison residents and restored as a memorial in 1952. The Eisenhower Farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania was donated to the National Parks Service in 1967 and admits visitors. The Eisenhower Institute in Washington, D.C. was founded in 1983 to promote Eisenhower's legacy. Congress created the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission in 1999 to erect a national memorial for the former President in Washington, D.C. It will be constructed near the National Mall and across the street from the National Air and Space Museum. The architect Frank Gehry was chosen to design the memorial. The People to People International is a non-profit organization founded by Eisenhower in 1956. Among the organization's many programs is an international travel program for adults and students to promote peace education.
William B.
