Heinrich VON SALIAN

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Medieval Lands by Charles Cawley, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy HEINRICH, son of KONRAD II King of Germany [Emperor KONRAD I] & hiswife Gisela of Swabia (Oosterbecke [Ostrebeck] 28 Oct 1017-BurgBodfeld im Harz 5 Oct 1056, bur Speyer Cathedral)."Cunradus…Romanorum imperator augustus" granted property to the churchof Paderborn by charter dated 7 Apr 1027, naming for the first time"filii nostri Heinrici"[354]. Wipo names "Heinricus rex, filiusimperatoris" when recording his first marriage in 1036[355]. He wasinstalled in 1027 as HEINRICH VI Duke of Bavaria, until 1042 when hegranted the duchy to Graf Heinrich [Luxembourg]. He was crowned asHEINRICH III King of Germany at Aachen 14 Apr 1028. Duke of Swabia1038-1045. He was installed as king of Burgundy by his father inAutumn 1038. Regent of the duchy of Carinthia 1039-1047. He resumedpossession of the duchy of Bavaria from 1047 to 1049. He deposed thethree rival Popes Benedict IX, Sylvester III and Gregory VI in 1046,nominating in their place Suidger Bishop of Bamberg, who succeeded asPope Clement II and crowned him Emperor HEINRICH II at Rome 25 Dec1046. At the same time Emperor Heinrich received the rank ofpatricius as a hereditary title, which carried the right to cast thefirst vote in a papal election, the power of which was reflected inthe election of six German popes during the following decade[356].Emperor Heinrich faced internal opposition in Germany from severalpowerful magnates, Godefroi II Duke of Lotharingia, Konrad deLuxembourg Duke of Bavaria, Welf III Duke of Carinthia, and BernhardBillung Duke in Saxony, all of whom were anxious to prevent thecentralisation of power in the hands of the king/emperor[357]. Adeeply religious man, Emperor Heinrich renewed the ban on clericstaking oaths in court proceedings, refused to follow the practice ofbestowing church offices for payment, and laid great emphasis on thesacral character of kingship[358]. He founded the convent of St Simonand Jude at Goslar before 1050. He died of a fever. The AnnalesSpirenses record his burial at Speyer[359]. The necrology of St Gallrecords the death "III Non Oct" of "Heinrici imperatoris"[360]. m firstly ([29] Jun 1036) GUNHILD [Æthelfryth] of Denmark, daughter ofKNUD I King of Denmark and England & his wife Emma de Normandie([1020]-in Italy 18 Jul 1038, bur Limburg Klosterkirche). Adam ofBremen records that the daughter of King Knud married "imperator filiosuo"[361]. Her parentage is given by Orderic Vitalis, who also refersto her marriage[362]. Wipo names "Chnutonis regis Anglorum filiam,nomine Chunehildem" as wife of "Heinricus rex, filius imperatoris"when recording their marriage in 1036[363]. The Annalista Saxorecords that the wife of King Heinrich III was "filiam Cnud regisDanorum", specifying that the marriage was arranged by UnwanArchbishop of Bremen[364], although this seems unlikely as ArchbishopUnwan died in 1029[365]. Herimannus names "Chunihildem, CnutonisDanorum et Anglorum regis filiam" when recording her marriage to"Heinricus rex, filius imperatoris" in 1036[366]. She adopted thename KUNIGUND on her marriage. The Chronicle of Alberic deTrois-Fontaines records that "uxor imperatoris Henrici Gunhildisimperatrix de Anglia" was accused of adultery, that she was defendedin trial by combat, but that after her champion's victory shedisdained the success and became a nun[367]. William of Malmesburyalso recounts that she was accused of adultery and retired to aconvent[368]. She died during her husband's expedition to Italy[369],the death of "regina Conihild" being recorded in the Annalista Saxo"XV Kal Aug"[370]. The necrology of Speyer records the death "XV KalAug" of "Cunehilt regina"[371]. m secondly (Ingelheim 20 Nov 1043) AGNES de Poitou, daughter ofGUILLAUME V "le Grand" Duke of Aquitaine [GUILLAUME III Comte dePoitou] & his third wife Agnès de Mâcon [Bourgogne-Comté] ([1025]-Rome14 Dec 1077, bur Rome, St Peter's). Herimannus names her "Agnetam,Willehelmi Pictaviensis filiam" when recording her marriage[372]. TheChronicæ Sancti Albini records the marriage "1043 XII Kal Nov…apudVesbrianim" of "Henricus imperator…filiam Willelmi comitis Pictavorumet Agnetis"[373]. She was crowned empress with her husband at Rome 25Dec 1046. She was regent during the minority of her son from 1056.Her husband's old adviser, Gerhard von Eichstätt by then Pope VictorII, who was in Germany when her husband died, remained in Germanyuntil Spring 1057 as the chief adviser of Agnes and ensured a smoothtransition of power[374]. She also installed herself as AGNES Duchessof Bavaria in 1056, until 1061 when she appointed Otto von Northeim asduke. In 1062, Anno [II] Archbishop of Köln kidnapped her son KingHeinrich IV and took him from Kaiserswerth to Köln. Agnes resigned asregent and went to Rome[375]. According to the Preface of VitæHeinrici et Cunegundis Imperatores, "Agnes imperatrix eius[Chunigundis imperatricis] consanguinea, obiit Idus Decembris"[376],although the exact relationship between Agnes and Empress Kunigund(widow of Emperor Heinrich I [Heinrich II King of Germany]) has notbeen traced. The necrology of Regensburg St Emmeran records the death"XIX Kal Jan" of "Agnes imperatrix"[377]. The necrology of Speyerrecords the death "XIX Kal Jan" of "Agnes imperatrix"[378]. Emperor Heinrich & his first wife had one child: 1. BEATRIX (1037-13 Jul 1061, bur Quedlinburg Stiftskirche,transferred 1161 to Kloster Michaelstein). Wipo records that "reginaChunehildis" left a single daughter (unnamed) specifying that shelater became a nun[379]. The source which names her has not yet beenidentified. Abbess of Quedlinburg and Gandersheim 1045. Emperor Heinrich & his second wife had six children: 2. MATHILDE (end 1045-12 May 1060). At the end of the passagedealing with 1045, Herimannus records the birth of a daughter to"Agnes regina" but does not name her[380]. This presumably refers toMathilde, probably her parents' oldest child given the date of hermarriage. The Annales of Berthold record the marriage in 1059 of"Roudolfus Alemmanorum dux" and "Mahthildam, Heinrici regis sororem"and the death in 1060 of "Mahthilt soror regis"[381]. The AnnalesSancti Blasii record the marriage in 1059 of "Roudolfus dux" and"Mahtildam regis sororem" and the death of "Mahtilt uxor Roudolfiducis" in 1060[382]. m (1059) RUDOLF von Rheinfelden, son of GrafKUNO & his wife --- (-killed in battle near Hohenmölsen near Merseburg[15/16] Oct 1080, bur Merseburg cathedral). Duke of Swabia 1057-1079.He was one of the nobles opposed to his brother-in-law King HeinrichIV. He was elected anti-king of Germany at Forcheim in Feb 1077 bythe German nobility who were affronted by Pope Gregory VI's withdrawalof the order of excommunication against King Heinrich[383]. The Poperemained neutral at the time but after repeating his excommunicationorder against King Heinrich in 1080, he declared support for Rudolf asanti-king[384]. 3. ADELHEID ([1046/47]-11 Jan 1096, bur QuedlinburgStiftskirche). The Annalista Saxo names "sorore regis AdelheidaQuidelingeburgensi abbatissa"[385]. Abbess of Gandersheim 1061.Abbess of Quedlinburg 1063. 4. GISELA ([1048]-6 May [before 1058]). The necrology ofSpeyer records the death "II Non Mai" of "Gisela imperatricis Agnetisfilia"[386]. 5. HEINRICH ([Goslar] 11 Nov 1050-Liège 7 Aug 1106, bur Speyercathedral). The Annalista Saxo records the birth of "Heinricoinperatori filius quartus Heinricus"[387]. He succeeded his father in1056 as HEINRICH IV King of Germany. Crowned Emperor HEINRICH III atRome 31 Mar 1084. - see below. 6. KONRAD ([Sep/Oct] 1052-10 Apr 1055). He was installed asKONRAD II Duke of Bavaria in 1054 when his older brother was crownedassociate King of Germany. The Annales Necrologici Fuldenses recordthe death in 1055 of "Cuonrad infans filius imperatoris"[388]. TheBreve Chronicon Ex MS. Prumiensi records the death of “Cuonradus puerfilius imperatoris” in 1055[389]. The necrology of Speyer records thedeath "IV Id Apr" of "Cunradus Agnetis imperatricis filius"[390]."Heinricus…Romanorum imperator augustus" donated property "Rotenuelsin pago Uffgouwe in comitatu Vorcheim Herimanni comitis" to Speyercathedral by charter dated 15 Feb 1102 "pro animarum…fratris nostreCunradi, filieque nostre Adelheidis et filii nostri Heinrici"[391]. 7. JUDITH [Maria/Sophia] ([1054]-14 Mar [1092/96]). TheAnnales of Berthold record the betrothal in 1059 of "Andreas Pannoniærex…filio suo Salomoni adhuc puero" and "sororem eius [Heinrici regis]minorem Iuditham"[392]. The Annales Yburgenses refer to the wife of"Ungariam…[rex] Salemannum" as "regis Heinrici sororem" but do notname her[393]. The Gesta Hungarorum records that King András forcedthe marriage of "Salomoni regi" and "Henricus imperator…Sophiam suamfiliam", specifying that she had earlier been betrothed to "filioregis Franciæ"[394]. Having left Hungary for Germany after herhusband was deposed in 1074, she was living in Regensburg when herhusband attempted to reclaim the Hungarian throne. She refused toreceive him when he returned in 1083. Her second marriage isconfirmed by the Chronicæ Polanorum which records that King Wladyslawmarried "sororem imperatoris tertii Henrici, uxorem prius SalemonisUngariæ regis"[395]. The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum specifies hername "Iudite"[396]. The necrology of Weltenburg records the death "IIId Mar" of "Iudita de Polonia soror Heinrici imperatoris IV"[397].The necrology of Regensburg St Emmeran records the death "II Id Mar"of "Iudita regina"[398]. The necrology of Speyer records the death"II Id Mar" of "Iudda regina imperatricis filia"[399]. [Betrothed([1055/59]) to PHILIPPE de France, son of HENRI I King of France & hissecond wife Anna Iaroslavna of Kiev (1052-château de Melun,Seine-et-Marne 30 Jul 1108, bur Abbaye Saint Benoît-sur-Loire). TheGesta Hungarorum records that King András forced the marriage of"Salomoni regi" and "Henricus imperator…Sophiam suam filiam",specifying that she had earlier been betrothed to "filio regisFranciæ"[400]. This could only refer to the future Philippe I King ofFrance as it is unlikely that the emperor's daughter would have beenbetrothed to his younger brother. This betrothal is not corroboratedin the western European primary sources so far consulted. Hesucceeded his father in 1060 as PHILIPPE I King of France.] m firstly(betrothed 1059, early 1063) SALOMON King of Hungary, son of ANDRÁS I"the Catholic" King of Hungary & his second wife Anastasia Iaroslavnaof Kiev (1052-killed in battle 1087). m secondly ([1089]) as hissecond wife, WLADYSLAW I HERMAN Prince of Poland, son of KAZIMIERZ IKAROL "Odnowiciel/the Renewer" Prince of Poland & his wife DobronegaMaria Vladimirovna of Kiev ([1043]-4 Jun 1102). [354] D K II 82, p. 110. [355] Wiponis, Vita Chuonradi II Imperatoris 35, MGH SS XI, p. 272. [356] Fuhrmann (1995), pp. 44-5. [357] Fuhrmann (1995), pp. 41-2. [358] Fuhrmann (1995), pp. 39 and 51. [359] Annales Spirenses, MGH SS XVII, p. 83. [360] Libri Anniversariorum et Necrologium Monasterii Sancti Galli,Konstanz Necrologies, p. 462. [361] Adami, Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiæ Pontificum II.54, MGH SSVII, p. 325. [362] Chibnall, M. (ed. and trans.) The Ecclesiastical History ofOrderic Vitalis, Vol. III (Oxford Medieval Texts, 1969-80), Book V,p. 87. [363] Wiponis, Vita Chuonradi II Imperatoris 35, MGH SS XI, p. 272. [364] Annalista Saxo 1026. [365] Grote, H. (1877) Stammtafeln (reprint Leipzig, 1984), p. 506. [366] Herimanni Augiensis Chronicon 1036, MHG SS V, p. 122. [367] Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1041, MGH SS XXIII, p.787. [368] Sharpe, Rev. J. (trans.), revised Stephenson, Rev. J. (1854)William of Malmesbury, The Kings before the Norman Conquest (Seeleys,London, reprint Llanerch, 1989), II, 188, p. 179. [369] Fuhrmann (1995), p. 40. [370] Annalista Saxo 1038. [371] Boehmer, J. F. (1868) Fontes Rerum Germanicarum, Band IV(Stuttgart), Kalendarium Necrologicum Canonicorum Spirensium, p. 322. [372] Herimanni Augiensis Chronicon 1043, MHG SS V, p. 124. [373] Marchegay, P. and Mabille, E. (eds.) (1869) Chroniques desEglises d'Anjou (Paris), Chronica sancti Sergii Andegavensis, pp.135-6. [374] Norwich, J. J. (1992) The Normans in the South 1016-1130 and TheKingdom in the Sun 1130-1194 (Penguin Books), p, 120. [375] Fuhrmann (1995), p. 57. [376] Vitæ Heinrici et Cunegundis Imperatores Preface, MGH SS IV, p.791. [377] Necrologium Monasterii S Emmerammi Ratisbonensis, RegensburgNecrologies, p. 301. [378] Kalendarium Necrologicum Canonicorum Spirensium, p. 326. [379] Wiponis, Vita Chuonradi II Imperatoris 37, MGH SS XI, p. 273. [380] Herimanni Augiensis Chronicon 1045, MHG SS V, p. 125. [381] Bertholdi Annales 1059 and 1060, MGH SS V, p. 271. [382] Annales Sancti Blasii 1059 and 1060, MGH SS XVII, p. 277. [383] Fuhrmann (1995), p. 67. [384] Fuhrmann (1995), p. 67. [385] Annalista Saxo 1071. [386] Boehmer, J. F. (1868) Fontes Rerum Germanicarum, Band IV(Stuttgart), Kalendarium Necrologicum Canonicorum Spirensium, p. 321. [387] Annalista Saxo 1048. [388] Annales Necrologici Fuldenses 1055, MGH SS XIII, p. 214. [389] Breve Chronicon Ex MS. Prumiensi, Veterum Scriptorum IV, col.518. [390] Kalendarium Necrologicum Canonicorum Spirensium, p. 316. [391] D H IV 474, p. 644. [392] Bertholdi Annales 1059, MGH SS V, p. 271. [393] Annales Yburgenses 1074, MGH SS XVI, p. 436. [394] Kézai, S., Veszprémy, L. and Schaer, F. (eds. and trans.) (1999)Simonis de Kéza Gesta Hungarorum (CEP), 57, p. 127. [395] Chronicæ Polanorum II.1, MGH SS IX, p. 445. [396] Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum, MGH SS XIX, p. 559. [397] Necrologium Weltenbergense, Regensburg Necrologies, p. 369. [398] Necrologium Monasterii S Emmerammi Ratisbonensis, RegensburgNecrologies, p. 301. [399] Kalendarium Necrologicum Canonicorum Spirensium, p. 319. [400] Simonis de Kéza Gesta Hungarorum 57, p. 127. Catholic Encycopedia, Henry III Biography German King and Roman Emperor, son of Conrad II; b. 1017; d. atBodfeld, in the Harz Mountains, 5 Oct., 1056. It was to his father's forceful personality that he owed the resourcesby means of which he could maintain for himself the great and powerfulposition which Conrad had created. Of course this position was nolonger an undisputed one, especially towards the end of his reign. Onthe contrary it became evident by that time that through his ruleGermany had reached the critical turning-point in her history. The keyto the domestic and foreign policy of this emperor can be foundaltogether in his character. Henry was extraordinarily gifted, havinga quick intellect and many-sided interests. Consequently he rapidlymastered the problems of administration and government into which hisfather had him initiated; but with equal rapidity he acquired theliterary and artistic culture of his time which his episcopal tutorsimparted to him. His profound piety and the serious, austere bent ofhis nature were still more important factors in his character. Puttingthe garment of the penitent on the same plane as the regalia of theking, he lived and moved altogether according to the Christian view oflife. The Christian moral law regulated his actions. In thisconception of life his stern sense of duty had its roots, and to thissense of duty was added a stubborn self-reliance. With such spiritualtendencies it is not surprising to learn that the king frequentlysubjected his frail body to severe penitential exercises, and that hisprivate life bore a marked resemblance in many points to that of amonk. But at the same time it is not surprising to learn that such aman was reserved, that consequently, though a man of the utmost goodfaith, he remained a stranger to the spirit of his people. This basictrait of his character imparted to both his domestic and foreignpolicy idealistic aims which frequently disregard facts, or for thatmatter were even outside of the necessities of the State. According tohis conception his kingship was religious in character. Like thebishops, he considered himself called to the service of God. LikeCharlemagne of old, he compared himself to the priest-king David. Hedesired to be the ruler of God's universal State which shouldconstitute the outward and visible form for the Church. The goodlyobject of his ecumenic imperialism, therefore, was to carry out themoral idea of Christianity. With this fundamental idea as a starting-point, it was but naturalthat Henry should recognize the law of the Church as the arbiter ofhis conscience. At the very beginning of his reign the king announcedthat he recognized the fundamental principle of this law; that abishop could only be judged by the ecclesiastical tribunals. Hebitterly lamented his father's behaviour towards the princes of theChurch in Lombardy. He considered the deposing of Aribert of Milanuncanonical. In general it soon became apparent that Henry wasresolved to make religious ideas once more the determining factors inthe art of government. This renewed triumph of religious ideas wasstraightway demonstrated at the synod of Constance in 1043. There theking, clad in the garment of the penitent, preached the peace of Godto the awe-struck masses from the high pulpit. Henceforth this seriousCluniac spirit was predominant in all the imperial entourage.Minstrels and tumblers vanished from the court. The king was still more confirmed in his austere conception of life byhis second wife, Agnes of Poitou, daughter of the Duke of Aquitaine,who likewise had been brought up according to the ideas of Cluny.(Henry's first wife, the Danish princess Gunhild, died in 1038.) Thisattitude of the king towards the world accounts for the leniency andindulgence that characterized his domestic and foreign policy and itdetermined absolutely his conduct in ecclesiastical politics. At thebeginning of his reign it looked as if the imperial authority werestill increasing. In the East, success attended his arms. Theaggressive Slavic policy of Duke Bretislaw of Bohemia was checked in1041. After that, Bohemia was for a long time a support of the Germanking. Hungary also became a tributary vassal. It is due to thesesuccesses that Henry's reign is so generally considered the zenith ofGerman history. Not altogether correctly. His leniency and indulgencefostered an opposition, especially in the interior, which he wasdestined never completely to overcome. This decline of his commandingposition within the empire took place while the king was trying todischarge the supreme duties of his high office as priest-king. Henry's ideal was the purity of the Church. Only a church that wasimmaculate might and could be a true helpmeet to him in the kingship.He himself was never party to any act of simony. But as presumptivepriest-king, he held inflexibly to the right of investiture. As suchhe also presided over the synods; as such he also passed sentence inecclesiastical affairs. He did not realize that this involved astriking contradiction. The Church, pure and morally regenerate in thespirit of the reform party, could not fail to resist imperialdomination. This error on the part of the king resulted in the rapidrise of the papacy and the slow decline of the imperial power in itsfight for its old ecclesiastical privileges. In the first period ofHenry's reign, Rome saw the schism of three popes: Benedict IX,Sylvester III, and Gregory VI. Although of spotless character, Gregoryhad bought the tiara from the unprincipled Benedict. Perhaps he hadrecourse to simony as an expedient to secure the supremacy of thereform party, perhaps also merely in order to get the scandalousBenedict out of the way. Henry, however would consent to accept theemperor's crown only from hands that were pure, while those of the defacto Pope Gregory seemed to him tainted with simony. All three popeswere repudiated by the Synod of Sutri on 20 December, 1046. This synodrevealed Henry's attitude towards the canon law. He knew thataccording to this law no one can sit in judgment on a pope. Thereforethe pope was not deposed by that synod, which, on the contrary,demanded that the pope himself pronounce the judgment. He went intoexile in Cologne, accompanied by Hildebrand, who was soon to revealthe power of the papacy. The German popes, supported by the power ofthe German emperors, were now able to elevate their holy office abovethe partisan strife of the turbulent factions of the Roman nobility,and above the desperate moral barbarism of the age. Under Suidger ofBamberg, who called himself Clement II, Henry still asserted his claimto the right of the Roman patriciate, that of control over thenominations to the papal throne. But under Leo IX the emancipation ofthe papacy from the imperial authority already began to manifestitself. Freed at last from the narrow local Roman policy, the universal pointof view once more dictated the conduct of the Roman pontiffs.Immediately a great wave of reform also set in, directed first andforemost against simony and the marriage of priests. The restless andubiquitous energy of Leo was also turned against the overweeningassertions of independence on the part of the episcopal potentates onboth sides of the Alps. At the same time, however, the same popepointed the way to his successors, even for their temporal policy inItaly. He was the first to demonstrate the importance of SouthernItaly to the papal policy. Of course his own plans in that part of thecountry were wrecked by the Normans. Henry's ecclesiastical policy, therefore, had not only helped thereform party to victory but also led to the triumph of the idea of thesupremacy of the Church, which was inseparably connected with it. Thepreparatory scenes of the great drama of the following epoch wereover. At the same time new forces sprang up in Germany: the cities andthe petty lay nobility. Marked disaffection prevailed, especiallyamong the latter. Of course Henry was still quite strong enough tosubdue these rising powers. But for how long? It was already extremelyominous that Henry did not retain in his own hands the escheatedDuchies of Bavaria, Swabia, and Carinthia. His failure to do so mustneeds bring its revenge, for the new dukes were unreliable men. Thedissatisfaction was especially clamorous in Saxony. Here the peopletook offence at the relations between the emperor and the strenuousArchbishop of Bremen, who sought to create a great northernpatriarchate, but also strove to build up a strong temporal foundationfor his bishopric. In the natural course of events this brought him into conflict withthe lay nobility. While the king was carrying on futile militaryoperations in the year 1051 and later, against the Hungarians, whowere trying to throw off the suzerainty of Germany, the discontent inGermany came to a head in the revolt of Lorraine. This revolt, whichwas repeated several times, assumed dangerous proportions through themarriage of Duke Godfrey of Lorraine with Beatrice, widow of theMargrave Boniface of Tuscany, who was master of an important andcommanding position in Upper and Central Italy. Henry endeavoured tobreak up this threatening coalition by means of a journey to Rome in1055. But Godfrey instigated a fresh insurrection in Germany. Amovement in opposition to the king in Southern Germany attainedalarming dimensions. Henry, it is true, deposed the rebellious dukes,Conrad of Bavaria, and Guelph of Carinthia. But Duke Conrad stirred upthe Hungarians and destroyed the last vestiges of German prestige inthat country. The death of both the South German dukes in the interimsoon led to the overthrow of the Duke of Lorraine. It was in thesedomestic troubles that the disastrous results of the emperor'sleniency and indulgence were to appear most clearly and fully.Unbroken now was the opposition to the Crown in Saxony and SouthernGermany, unweakened the dangerous alliance of Lorraine and Tuscany inthe South, unimpaired the growing power of the Normans, while thepapacy grew without hindrance. All the forces with which the fourthHenry had to cope were in the field, ready for action, at Henry III'sdeath.

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