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Margaret Tudor (29 November 1489 - October 1541) was the eldest of the two daughters of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and the elder sister of Henry VIII. In 1503 she married James IV, king of Scotland, thus becoming the mother of James V and grandmother of Mary Queen of Scots. Most important of all, Margaret's marriage to James was to lead directly to the Union of the Crowns. Fate, it was once argued, had intended Margaret to be Queen of Scots. Born on 29 November 1489, she was christened on the 30th-St. Andrew's Day-in St. Margaret's Church, Westminster, dedicated to Scotland's only royal saint. In all Margaret was to be married three times, and her history in this regard might be said to parallel that of her granddaughter, Mary Queen of Scots, with its liberal mixture of tragedy, intrigue, duplicity and simple farce. Rose and Thistle Daughters may have been less welcome to kings than sons; they were, nonetheless, important political assets in a world where diplomacy and marriage were often closely linked. Even before her sixth birthday Henry conceived of a marriage between James and Margaret, as a way of heading off the Scottish king's support for Perkin Warbeck, the Yorkist pretender to the throne of England. Though not immediately welcome, the card, once played, was not withdrawn. In September 1497 James concluded a lengthy truce with Henry, and the marriage was once more presented as a serious possibility. It is said that some on the English royal council raised objections to the match, saying that it would bring the Stewarts directly into the line of succession, to which the wily and astute Henry replied that "our realme wald receive na damage thair thorow, for in that caise Ingland wald not accress unto Scotland, bot Scotland wald acress unto Ingland, as to the most noble heid of the hole yle...evin as quhan Normandy came in the power of Inglis men our forberis." On 24 January 1502 Scotland and England concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace, the first such agreement between the two realms for over one hundred and seventy years. That same day a marriage treaty was also concluded, the most visible sign - and guarantee - of the new peace. The following year Margaret finally came to Scotland, and she and James were married on 8 August at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh, an occasion celebrated by the poet William Dunbar in the Thistle and the Rose: Sweet lusty lovesome lady clear Most mighty Kinges daughter dear, Born of a Princess most serene, Welcome to Scotland to be Queen... Their first - and only - child to survive infancy, Prince James, was born in April 1512. Margaret was pregnant again at the time of her husband's death. The child, Alexander, duke of Ross, was born in April 1514, but died before his second birthday. Queen Regent The treaty of 1502, far from being perpetual, barely survived the death of Henry VII in 1509. His successor, the young and aggressive Henry VIII, had little time for his father's cautious diplomacy, and was soon heading towards a war with France, Scotland's ancient ally. In 1513 James invaded England to honour his commitment to the Auld Alliance, only to meet death and disaster at the Battle of Flodden. Margaret had opposed the war, but was still named in the royal will as regent for the infant king, for as long as she remained a widow. Parliament met at Stirling not long after Flodden, and confirmed Margaret in the office of Regent. A woman was rarely welcome in a position of supreme power, but Margaret was the sister of an enemy king, which served to compound her problems. Before long a pro-French party took shape among the nobility, urging that she should be replaced by John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany, the closest male relative to the infant princes, and now third in line to the throne. Albany, who had been born and raised in France, was seen as a living representative of the Auld Alliance, in contrast with the pro-English Margaret. Margaret TudorIt's possible to sympathise with Margaret and the almost impossible position she found herself in, with opposition to the Regency extending right into the royal council itself. She, neverthless acted calmly and with some degree of political skill. By July 1514 she had managed to reconcile the contending parties, and Scotland - along with France - concluded peace with England that same month. But in her search for political allies amongst the fractious Scottish nobility she took a fatal step, allowing good sense and prudence to be overruled by emotion and magnetism. In seeking allies Margaret turned more and more to the powerful house of Douglas. She found herself particularly attracted to Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, whom even his uncle, the cleric and poet Gavin Douglas, called a "young witless fool." Without considering the consequences of the match Margaret and Douglas were secretly married on 6 August. Not only did this alienate the other noble houses but it immediately strengthened the pro-French faction on the council, headed by James Beaton, Archbishop of Glasgow. By the terms of the late king's will she had sacrificed her position; before the month was out she was obliged to consent to the appointment of Albany. In September the Privy Council decided that she had also forfeited her rights to the supervision of her sons, whereupon in defiance she and her allies took the princes to Stirling Castle. Albany arrived in Scotland in May 1515, and was finally installed as Regent in July. His first task was to get custody of James and Alexander, politically essential for the authority of the regency. Margaret, after some initial defiance, surrendered at Stirling in August. With the princes in the hands of their uncle, the Queen Dowager, now expecting a child by Angus, retired to Edinburgh. For some time her brother had been urging her to flee to England with her sons; but she had steadily refused to do so, fearing such a step might lead to James' loss of the crown. With no further interest in the matter she obtained permission to go to Linlithgow from whence she escaped to the border. She was received by Lord Dacre, Henry's warden of the marches, and taken to Harbottle Castle. Here in early October she gave birth to Margaret Douglas, the future countess of Lennox and mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, one day to be the second husband of Mary Queen of Scots. While still in the north of England she learned of the death of Alexander. Dacre hinted that Albany - cast in the role of Richard III - was responsible though Margaret, even in her vulnerable state, refused to accept this, saying that if he really aimed at the throne for himself the death of James would have suited his purpose better. It was also at this time that she at last began to get the measure of Angus, who, with an eye on his own welfare, returned to Scotland to make peace with the Regent, "which much made Margaret to muse." When Henry learned that Angus would not be accompanying his sister to London he said "Done like a Scot." Angus, however, should not be judged too harshly. All of his power, wealth and influence was in Scotland; to abandon the country would mean possible forfeiture for treason. In this regard he would have had before him the example of his kinsman James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas, who fled to England the previous century, living out his life as a landless mercenary. Marriage and Politics Margaret was well-received by Henry and, to confirm her status, was lodged in Scotland Yard, the ancient palace of the Scottish kings. In 1517, having spent a year in England, she returned north, after a treaty of reconciliation had been worked out by Albany, Henry and Cardinal Wolsey. Albany was temporarily absent in France - where he renewed the Auld Alliance once more and arranged for the future marriage of James V - but the Queen-Dowager was received at the border by Sieur de la Bastie, his deputy, as well as by her husband. Peace may have broken out, though it was perfectly clear that Margaret was still not fully trusted, and access to her son was strictly limited. Although Margaret and Angus were temporaily reconciled it was not long before their relationship entered into a phase of terminal decline. She discovered that while in England her husband had been living with Lady Jane Stewart, a former lover. This was bad enough; what was worse he had been living on his wife's money. In October 1518 she wrote to her brother, hinting at divorce; "I am sore troubled with my Lord of Angus since my last coming into Scotland, and every day more and more, so that we have not been together this half year...I am so minded that, an I may by law of God and to my honour, to part with him, for I wit well he loves me not, as he shows me daily." This was a difficult issue for Henry; a man of conservative and orthodox belief, he was opposed to divorce on principle - highly ironic, considering his later career. Just as important Angus was a useful ally, an effective counter-weight to Albany and the pro-French faction. Angered by his attitude Margaret drew closer to the Albany faction and joined with others in calling for his return from France. Albany, seemingly in no hurry to return to the fractious northern kingdom, suggested that she resumed the regency herself. The dispute between husband and wife was set to dominate Scottish politics for the next three years, made even more complicated by a bitter feud between Angus and James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran; with bewildering rapidity Margaret sided with one and then the other. Albany finally arrived back in Scotland in November 1521. Warmly received by Margaret, it was soon rumoured that their cordial relations embraced more than politics. Angus went into exile as the Regent - with the full co-operation of the Queen-Dowager - set about restoring order to a country riven by three years of intense factional conflict. Albany was useful to Margaret: he was known to have influence in Rome, which would help ease her application for a divorce. Angus and his allies spread the rumour that the two were lovers, to such effect that even the sober-headed Lord Dacre wrote to Wolsey, predicting that James would be murdered and Albany would become king and marry Margaret. But the relationship between the two was never more than one of calculated self-interest, as events were soon to prove. Margaret's Coup In most essentials Margaret remained an Englishwoman in attitude and outlook, and at root she genuinely desired a better understanding between the land of her birth and her adopted home. But she quickly came to understand how treacherous Scottish politics could be, and that survival depended on the ability to achieve a balance between competing interests. Necessity demanded an alliance with Albany and the French faction, especially after the devastating border wars with England in the early 1520s. But no sooner was Albany off the scene than she set about organising a party of her own. In 1524 the Regent was finally removed from power in a simple but effective coup d'état. With Albany once more in France Margaret, with the help of Arran and the Hamiltons, brought James, now twelve-years-old, from Stirling to Edinburgh. It was a bold and popular move. In August Parliament declared the regency at an end, as James was elevated to full kingly powers. In practice, he would continue to be govered by others, his mother above all. When Beaton objected to the new arrangements Margaret had him arrested and thrown into jail. In November Parliament formally recognised Margaret as the chief councillor to the king. She held all the aces, and once again she threw them all away. Margaret's alliance with Arran inevitably alienated other noble houses. Her situation was not eased when her brother allowed Angus to return to Scotland. Both of these factors were to some degree beyond her control. The most damaging move of all was not. Having learned nothing from the past she formed a new attachment, this time to Henry Stewart, a younger brother of Lord Avondale. Stewart was promoted to senior office, angering the Earl of Lennox, among others, who promptly entered into an alliance with her estranged husband. That same November when Parliament confirmed Margaret's political office, her war with Angus descended into a murderous farce. When he arrived in Edinburgh with a large group of armed men, claiming his right to attend Parliament, she ordered cannons to be fired on him from both the Castle and Holyrood House. When two English ambassadors present at court objected that she should not attack her lawful husband she responded in anger, telling them "to go home and not meddle with Scottish matters." Angus withdrew for the time being, but under pressure from various sources the Queen finally admitted him to the council of regency in February 1525. It was all the leverage he needed. Taking custody of James he refused to give him up, exercising full power on his behalf for a period of three years. James' experience during this time left him with an abiding hatred of both the house of Douglas and the English connection. Divorce, Marriage and Death Margaret attempted to resist but was forced to bend to the new political realities. Besides, by this time her desire for a divorce had become obsessive, taking precedence over all other matters. She was prepared to use all arguments, including the widespread myth that James IV had not been killed at Flodden. Despite the coup of 1524 she corresponded warmly with Albany, who continued his efforts on her behalf in Rome. In March 1527 Pope Clement VII granted her petition. Because of the political situation in Europe at the time it was not until December that she learned of her good fortune. She lost no time in marrying Henry Stewart, ignoring the pious warnings of her brother that marriage was 'divinely ordained' and his protests against the "shameless sentence sent from Rome." Not too many years later Henry broke with Rome precisely because he could not get the same 'shameless sentence'. In June 1528 James finally freed himself from the tutelage of Angus - who once more fled into exile - and began to rule in his own right. Margaret was an early beneficiary of the royal coup, she and her husband emerging as the leading advisors to the king. James created Stewart Lord Methven "for the great love he bore to his dearest mother." It was rumoured - falsely - that the Queen favoured a marriage between her son and her niece, Princess Mary, but she was instrumental in bringing about the Anglo-Scottish peace agreement of May 1534. The central aim of Margaret's political life - besides assuring her own survival - was to bring about a better understanding between England and Scotland, a position she held to through some difficult times. James was suspicious of Henry, especially because of his continuing support for Angus, a man he loathed with a passion. Even so, in early 1536 his mother persuaded him to meet with her brother. It was her moment of triumph and she wrote to Henry and Thomas Cromwell, now his chief advisor, saying that it was "by advice of us and no other living person." She was looking for a grand occasion on the lines of the Field of Cloth of Gold, and spent a huge sum in preparation. In the end it came to nothing because there were too many voices raised in objection and because James would not be managed by his mother or anyone else. In a private interview with the English ambassador her disappointment was obvious - "I am weary of Scotland", she confessed. Her weariness even extended to betraying state secrets to Henry. Weary of Scotland she may have been: she was now even more tired of Lord Methven, who was proving himself to be even worse than Angus in his desire both for other women and for his wife's money. Eager for yet another divorce her proceedings were frustrated by James, whom she believed had been bribed by her husband. Again, with so much of Margaret's life, tragedy and unhappiness were closely pursued by intrigue and farce. At one point she ran away towards the border, only to be intercepted and brought back to Edinburgh. Time and again she wrote to Henry with complaints about her poverty and appeals for money and protection - she wished for ease and comfort instead of being obliged "to follow her son about like a poor gentlewoman." In June 1538 Margaret welcomed Mary of Guise, James' new French bride to Scotland. These two women, among the most formidable in Scottish history, established a good understanding, although the morbidly vain Margaret now had to submit to the indignity of being referred to as the 'old Queen.' Mary made sure that her mother-in-law, who had now been reconciled with Methven, made regular appearances at court and it was reported to Henry that "the young queen was all papist, and the old queen not much less." Margaret died of a severe stroke at Methven Castle, in Perthshire in October 1541 and was buried at the Carthusian Abbey of St John in Perth. Her brother's dynasty ended with the childless Elizabeth I, and the line of succession to the English throne was passed through Margaret's heirs. Her great-grandson, James VI of Scotland, became James I of England, thus uniting the crowns of the two countries and conferring on Margaret something of a posthumous triumph. Margaret in History Margaret was a survivor, possessing all of the Tudor strength, resiliance and obstinancy of her brother. But in the end she falls well short of true greatness. Her vanity and capriciousness often took precedence over good judgement, and in pursuit of her own interests she was quite capable of betraying her adopted country, her son and her brother in turn, and with little trouble of conscience. Her private quarrels were turned into unseemly public spectacle as her marriage history moved through tragedy to bathos. Nevertheless, for a woman - and an Englishwoman at that - to negotiate the treacherous rapids of Scottish politics and to remain at the top for much of her career inevitably commands a degree of admiration and respect. Against all the odds Margaret stayed in power, in one form or another, for almost thirty years, whereas Mary Queen of Scots, her granddaughter, could barely manage six. That alone makes her worthy of note. http://en.wikipedia.org
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