Chlothachar OF THE FRANKS

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Medieval Lands by Charles Cawley, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy CHLOTHACHAR [Clotaire/Lothar], son of CHLODOVECH King of the Franks &his second wife Chrotechildis of Burgundy ([501/02]-Soissons [30Nov/31 Dec] 561, bur Soissons, basilique Saint-Médard). Gregory ofTours names Clotaire as son of King Clovis and his wife Clotilde,listed after Childebert[145]. "Theodorico, Chlomiro, Hildeberto,Hlodario" are named (in order) as sons of "Chlodoveus" in the RegumMerowingorum Genealogia[146]. He succeeded his father in 511 asCLOTAIRE I King of the Franks, at Soissons, his territory coveringSoissons, Laon, Noyon, Arras, Cambrai, Tournai and the lower Meuse,the lands which were later to become the kingdom of Neustria. Gregoryof Tours records that King Clotaire and his half-brother KingTheoderich invaded Thuringia in 531, deposed King Hermanfred andannexed the kingdom, specifying that Clotaire brought his second wifeback as part of his booty[147]. He and his brother King Childebertlaunched a third attack on Burgundy, besieged Autun and occupied thewhole kingdom, deposing King Gondemar II[148] in 534. He invadedSpain, with his brother King Childebert, and besieged Zaragoza but wasforced to withdraw[149]. He inherited the territories of hisgreat-nephew King Theodebert in 555 and those of his brother KingChildebert in 558, when he became sole king of the Franks. Gregory ofTours records his death, in the fifty-first year of his reign on thefirst anniversary of the killing of his son Chramn, at Soissons from afever caught while hunting in the forest of Cuise, and his burial atSoissons Saint Medard[150]. The Marii Episcopi Aventicensis Chronicarecords the death in 561 of "Chlothachrius rex"[151]. m firstly ([524]) as her second husband, his sister-in-law, GUNTHEUCA[Gondioque], widow of CHLODOMER King of the Franks, daughter of ---[King of Burgundy]. Gregory of Tours names Guntheuc as widow of KingChlodomer and records her second marriage with his brother Clotaire,but does not give her origin[152]. Settipani suggests, for onomasticreasons only, that she may have belonged to the Burgundian royalfamily which, if correct, means that she must have been the daughterof either King Gondebaud or his brother Godogisel[153]. However,Gregory makes no mention of this in his lengthy description of KingChlodomer's campaigns in Burgundy, an omission which is surprising ifthe king´s wife was related to his opponents. m secondly (531, repudiated) RADEGUND of Thuringia, daughter ofBERTHECHAR [Bertaire] King of the Thuringians & his wife --- (Erfurt518-Poitiers 13 Aug 587, bur Poitiers, basiliqueSainte-Marie-hors-les-Murs). Gregory of Tours names Radegund as theorphaned daughter of Berthar[154]. The Vitæ Sanctæ Radegundis names"Radegundis natione barbare de regione Thoringa" and her "avo regeBessino, patruo Hermenfredo, patre rege Bertechario"[155]. In a laterpassage, Gregory records that, after the Frankish invasion ofThuringia, Radegund formed part of the booty taken home by Clotaire IKing of the Franks, who later married her[156]. The testament ofRadegund dated to [584/87] survives[157]. Gregory of Tours recordsthe death of St Radegund on 13 Aug[158]. She was canonised, her feastday is 13 Aug[159]. [m] thirdly ([532]) INGUNDIS [Ingonde], daughter of ---. Gregory ofTours names Ingund as the wife of King Clotaire and mother of six ofhis children[160]. She was King Clotaire's concubine from [517][161]. [m] fourthly ARNEGUNDIS [Aregonde], sister of his third wife Ingonde,daughter of ---. Gregory of Tours specifies that King Clotaire's wifeAregonde was the sister of his wife Ingonde, making clear that themarriage was polygamous as he records that Clotaire reported his"marriage" to Aregonde to his wife Ingonde[162]. She is named"Chæregundem" in the Liber Historiæ Francorum[163]. [m] [fifthly] (555, repudiated) [as her second husband], WALDRADA,widow of THEODEBALD King of the Franks, daughter of WACCHO King of theLombards & his second wife Ostrogotha of the Gepides. According toGregory of Tours, King Clotaire "began to have intercourse" with thewidow of King Theodebald, before "the bishops complained and he handedher over to Garivald Duke of Bavaria"[164], which does not imply thatClotaire married Waldrada. Herimannus names "Wanderadam" wife of"Theodpaldus rex Francorum" when recording her second marriage to"Lotharius rex patris eius Theodeberti patruus"[165]. She marriedthirdly (after 555) Garibald Duke in Bavaria. Mistress (1): CHUNSINA, daughter of ---. Gregory of Tours namesChunsina as the mistress of King Clotaire, mother of Chramn[166]. Sheis named "Gunsinam" in the Liber Historiæ Francorum[167]. Mistress (2): ---. The name of King Clotaire's second mistress is notknown. King Clotaire & his third [wife] had [seven] children: 1. GUNTHAR ([517]-after 532). Gregory of Tours names (inorder) Gunthar, Childerich, Charibert, Guntram, Sigibert and adaughter Clothsind as the children of King Clotaire and his wifeIngonde, specifying that Gunthar died in his father's lifetime[168].It is assumed that the first three children at least were bornillegitimate. Gregory of Tours reports that he served as an officerin his father's army, but died young[169]. 2. CHILDERICH (-before 561). Gregory of Tours names (inorder) Gunthar, Childerich, Charibert, Guntram, Sigibert and adaughter Clothsind as the children of King Clotaire and his wifeIngonde, specifying that Childerich died during his father'slifetime[170]. It is assumed that the first three children at leastwere born illegitimate. 3. CHARIBERT ([520]-Paris end 567, bur [Paris, Saint-Germaindes Prés]). Gregory of Tours names (in order) Gunthar, Childerich,Charibert, Guntram, Sigibert and a daughter Clothsind as the childrenof King Clotaire and his wife Ingonde[171]. It is assumed that thefirst three children at least were born illegitimate. He succeededhis father in 561 as CHARIBERT King of the Franks, his territoriescovering those previously held by his uncle King Childebert, withParis as his capital[172]. The Marii Episcopi Aventicensis Chronicarecords that "filii ipsius Charibertus, Guntegramnus, Hilpericus etSigibertus" divided the kingdom between them on the death of theirfather in 561[173]. Herimannus names "Hariberti rex libidini deditus"when recording his marriages[174]. After his death, his kingdom wasdivided among his brothers. m firstly (repudiated) INGOLBERGA[Ingelberge], daughter of --- ([520]-Tours 589). Gregory of Toursnames Ingoberg as the wife of King Charibert, but records that hedismissed her and took Merofled in her place[175]. Herimannus recordsthe repudiation by "Hariberti" of his wife "Ingoberga"[176]. Sheretired to Tours after her repudiation. Gregory of Tours records thedeath of Queen Ingoberg, widow of Charibert, in the fourteenth year ofKing Childebert's reign, saying he thought that she was in her 70thyear[177], although this age seems exaggerated considering the likelybirth date of her daughter. [m] secondly (after 561) MEROFLEDIS,daughter of ---, a wool-worker. Gregory of Tours records that KingCharibert fell in love with the two daughters of a wool-worker,Marcovefa and Merofled, and that after Queen Ingoberg humiliated theirfather by making him prepare wool for the royal household he dismissedthe Queen and replaced her by Merofled[178]. [m] thirdly (after 561)THEODECHILDIS, daughter of ---. Gregory of Tours names Theudechild,daughter of the shepherd who looked after King Charibert's flocks, asanother of the king's women and that after Charibert died she offeredher hand in marriage to King Gontran, who seized most of her goods andpacked her off to a nunnery at Arles from which she unsuccessfullytried to escape[179]. [m] fourthly his sister-in-law, MARCOVEFA,sister of MEROFLEDIS, daughter of --- (-before end 567). Gregory ofTours records the marriage of King Charibert and Marcovefa, sister ofMerofled, for which they were excommunicated by "Saint Germanus theBishop", as well as Marcovefa's death soon after before herhusband[180]. King Charibert & his first wife had one child: a) BERTA ([before 560]-[601/before 616], bur Canterbury,Church of St Peter and St Paul). Gregory of Tours records that thedaughter of King Charibert and Ingoberg "eventually married a man fromKent and went to live there"[181]. Bede records that "rex Aedilberctin Cantia" had "uxorem…Christianam de gente Francorum regia…Bercta"whom he had received "a parentibus" on condition she retained herreligion[182]. It is reasonable to assume that Berta was born before560, given the subsequent marital history of her father, who died in567 having married three times after repudiating his first wife,although it is possible that some if not all of his marriages werepolygamous. Kirby suggests that Berta's marriage took place in [580]after analysing the various contradictory chronological indications incontemporary sources[183]. According to Bede, as noted above, KingÆthelberht received Bertha "a parentibus". As her father died in 567,and her mother in 589, this appears to mean that she married before567 if taken literally, which seems unlikely. The word "parents" mayin this context mean "relatives" more broadly. Already a Christianwhen she came to England, she was accompanied by Liudhard, a Frankishbishop[184], although if he attempted to convert her husband hisefforts must have been unsuccessful in view of the later conversion ofKing Æthelberht by St Augustine. Queen Berta is named in Pope GregoryI's letter of 601 to her husband[185]. Bede records the burial of"Aedilbert tex Cantuariorum" in "portico sancti Martini introecclesiam beatorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli" stating that this waswhere "Berctæ regina" was buried[186]. m ([580]) as his first wife,ÆTHELBERHT King of Kent, son of EORMENRIC King of Kent & his wife ---(after [550]-24 Feb 616, bur Canterbury, Church of St Peter and StPaul). King Charibert & his [second] [wife] had one child: b) BERTHEFLEDIS (after 561-after 589). Gregory of Tours namesBerthefled as daughter of King Charibert, recording that she lived atthe nunnery of St Martin at Tours but left to live at Le Mans (after avisit by Queen Ingiltrude complaining about her daughter Berthegund,which dates the event to 589), and that "she was a woman who ate andslept a lot, and she had no interest at all in the holy offices"[187].The primary source which confirms that she was born from her father´ssecond [marriage] has not yet been identified. King Charibert & his third wife had one child: c) son (b and d after 561). Gregory of Tours refers to theunnamed son of King Charibert and Theudechild who was buriedimmediately after his birth[188]. King Charibert & his --- wife had [one child]: d) [CHROTIELDIS [Clotilde] ([after 561]-after 590). Gregoryof Tours records that Clotilde, who "used to pretend that she wasCharibert's daughter" (which suggests doubt about the correctness ofher assertion), led a revolt in the convent of Sainte-Croix inPoitiers, together with Basina daughter of King Chilperich, againstabbess Leubovera[189]. She was excommunicated for involvement inpolitical intrigue, but accepted back at her convent. If Chrotieldiswas the daughter of King Charibert, no indication has been foundconcerning the identity of her mother.] 4. GUNTCHRAMN [Gontran] ([532/34]-28 Mar 592, bur basiliqueSaint-Marcel, near Chalon-sur-Saône). Gregory of Tours names (inorder) Gunthar, Childerich, Charibert, Guntram, Sigibert and adaughter Clothsind as the children of King Clotaire and his wifeIngonde[190]. He succeeded his father in 561 as GONTRAN King of theFranks, his territories covering those previously held by his uncleKing Chlodomer, with Orléans as his capital[191]. The Marii EpiscopiAventicensis Chronica records that "filii ipsius Charibertus,Guntegramnus, Hilpericus et Sigibertus" divided the kingdom betweenthem on the death of their father in 561[192]. He adopted his nephewKing Childebert II as his successor in 577, the arrangement beingrenewed under the treaty of Andelot dated 28 Nov 587[193]. Fredegarrecords the death of King Guntram "anno 33 regni…V Kal Apr" and hisburial "in ecclesia sancti Marcelli" in the monastery which he hadbuilt[194]. m firstly ([556]) MARCATRUDIS, daughter of MAGNACHAR Dukeof the Transjuranian Franks & his wife --- (-after [556]). Gregory ofTours names Marcatrude, daughter of Magnachar, as the wife of KingGontran, specifying that she poisoned her stepson Gundobald but diedsoon after her own son[195]. m secondly (566) AUSTRECHILDIS[Bobilla], daughter of --- ([548]-Sep 580). Gregory of Tours namesAustrechild "also called Bobilla" as the second wife of KingGontran[196]. She was a servant in the household of his first wife'sfather. Gregory of Tours records the death of Queen Austrechild,specifying that "this wicked woman" requested as a dying wish that thetwo doctors who had unsuccessfully treated her should have theirthroats cut[197]. An epitaph to “Austrigildis Reginæ” refers to heras “Regum genetrix et Regia conjunx”[198]. The record of the Councilof Valence dated 22 Jun 585 names “Guntramni Regis…bonæ memoriæiugalis sua Austrechildis regina vel filiæ eorum Deo sacratæpuellæ…bonæ memoriæ Clodeberga vel Clodehildis”[199]. Mistress (1):(before [549]) VENERANDA, daughter of ---. Gregory of Tours namesVeneranda, servant of one of his subjects, as the mistress of KingGontran before his first marriage[200]. King Gontran & his first wifehad one child: a) son (-after [556]). Gregory of Tours refers to, but doesnot name, the son of King Gontran and Queen Marcatrudis, specifyingthat he died soon after the murder of his half-brother Gundobald[201]. King Gontran & his second wife had four children: b) CHLOTHACHAR [Clotaire] ([567]-577 or before). Gregory ofTours names (in order) Clotaire and Chlodomer as the two sons of KingGontran & his second wife but refers to him as having been "leftchildless" in a later passage which records that he adopted his nephewKing Childebert II as his heir[202]. The Marii Episcopi AventicensisChronica records the death in 577 of "regis atque egregii adolescenteChlothacarius et Chlodomeris filii Gunthegramni regis"[203]. Anepitaph is written in honour of “Clotharii fratris Chlodomeri”[204]. c) CHLODOMER (-577 or before). Gregory of Tours names (inorder) Lothar and Chlodomer as the two sons of King Gontran & hissecond wife but refers to him as having been "left childless" in alater passage which records that he adopted his nephew King ChildebertII as his heir[205]. The Marii Episcopi Aventicensis Chronica recordsthe death in 577 of "regis atque egregii adolescente Chlothacarius etChlodomeris filii Gunthegramni regis"[206]. An epitaph is written inhonour of “Chlodomeri filii Guntchramni Regis”[207]. d) CHLODOBERGA (-before 22 Jun 585). The record of theCouncil of Valence dated 22 Jun 585 names “Guntramni Regis…bonæmemoriæ iugalis sua Austrechildis regina vel filiæ eorum Deo sacratæpuellæ…bonæ memoriæ Clodeberga vel Clodehildis”[208]. e) CHROTHIELDIS (-before 22 Jun 585). The record of theCouncil of Valence dated 22 Jun 585 names “Guntramni Regis…bonæmemoriæ iugalis sua Austrechildis regina vel filiæ eorum Deo sacratæpuellæ…bonæ memoriæ Clodeberga vel Clodehildis”[209]. The treaty ofAndelot dated Nov 587, quoted by Gregory of Tours, confirms donationsby King Guntram to his daughter Clotilde[210]. King Gontran had one child by Mistress (1): f) GUNDOBALD ([549]-after [556]). Gregory of Tours namesGundobad as son of King Gontran and his mistress Veneranda, specifyingthat his father sent him to Orléans and that he was poisoned by hisstepmother Queen Marcatrudis[211]. 5. SIGEBERT ([535]-murdered Vitry [Nov/Dec] 575, bur Soissons,basilique Saint-Médard). Gregory of Tours names (in order) Gunthar,Childerich, Charibert, Guntram, Sigibert and a daughter Clothsind asthe children of King Clotaire and his wife Ingonde[212]. He succeededhis father in 561 as SIGEBERT I King of the Franks, at Reims, later atMetz. - see below. 6. CHLODESINDIS (-before 567[213]). Gregory of Tours names(in order) Gunthar, Childerich, Charibert, Guntram, Sigibert and adaughter Clothsind as the children of King Clotaire and his wifeIngonde, specifying that Clothsind married Alboin King of theLombards[214]. The Origo Gentis Langobardorum names "Flutsuinda…filiaFlothario regis Francorum" as the first wife of Albuin[215]. TheHistoria Langobardorum names "Ludusenda…filia Flothari regis" as thefirst wife of Alboin[216]. Paulus Diaconus names "Chlotharius rexFrancorum, Chlotsuindam ei suam filiam" as wife of Alboin[217]. m([556/60]) as his first wife, ALBOIN King of the Lombards, son ofAUDOIN King of the Lombards & his wife --- (-murdered 28 Jun 572). Hewas crowned King of the Lombards in Italy at Milan in [570]. 7. [BILICHILDIS . The Liber Historiæ Francorum records that"Chlotharius…rex" had seven children by "Ingunde", the same six as arenamed in Gregory of Tours with a marginal note adding "Blitchildim" asthe seventh child and specifying that she married "Ansbertusnobilissimus" and by him was mother of "Arnoldum"[218]. Analternative origin for Bilichildis is provided by the ChronicoMarcianensi de Sancta Rictrude which names “Dagobertum Regem etBlithildem sororem eius” as children of “Lotharius…[et] Beretrudam”(chronologically impossible if she was the grandmother of ArnoulBishop of Metz), but commenting that “others say” that Bilichildis wasthe daughter of “primi Lotharii avi istius”, adding that Bilichildismarried “Ansberto Duci nobili in Germania”[219]. The Carmen deExordio Gentis Francorum names "Hlotharius [rex]…filia…Blithild" andrecords her marriage to "Ansbertus"[220]. The recorded names of thealleged children of Bilichildis do not have a Merovingian ring aboutthem. It is uncertain whether Bilichildis existed at all or whethershe and her family were invented for the purposes of compiling aMerovingian descent for the Carolingian dynasty, an enterpriseundertaken in Metz from the late 8th century onwards. Her absencefrom the list of the children of King Clotaire given by Gregory ofTours certainly suggests that she was a spurious later invention,although Gregory's treatment of the families of the early Merovingianswas not exhaustive, as can be seen from the examples of Berthoara,daughter of King Theodebald I, and [Theodechildis] sister of the sameking (see above), whom Gregory does not mention at all. Settipanidemonstrates convincingly that there are sufficient indications inother primary sources that parts, if not all, these reconstructionsmay be based on historical fact[221]. Sifting the fact from thefiction is inevitably speculative. m ANSBERT, son of ---. A 9thcentury genealogy names "Ansbertus…ex genere senatorum", his brothers"Deotarium, Firminum, Gamardum, Aigulfum episcopum et Ragnifridum" andtheir supposed descendants, Ansbert's marriage to "filiam Hlotariiregis Francorum…Blithildem" and their children as shown below[222].] King Clotaire & his fourth wife had one child: 8. CHILPERICH (before 535-murdered Chelles [27 Sep/9 Oct] 584,bur Paris, Saint-Germain-des-Prés). Gregory of Tours names Chilperichas the son of King Clotaire and his wife Aregund[223]. He succeededhis father in 561 as CHILPERICH I King of the Franks, at Soissons. - see below, after SIGEBERT I. King Clotaire had one child by Mistress (1): 9. CHRAMN (-murdered [30 Nov/31 Dec] 560). Gregory of Toursnames Chramn as the son of King Clotaire and his concubineChunsina[224]. Gregory records that Chramn was hated by the townsfolkof Clermont-Ferrand, where he lived, for his dissolute way of life,and in a later passage specifies that he moved on to Poitiers where heconspired against his father[225]. Gregory also says that Chramnallied himself with his uncle King Childebert in Paris, laterrebelling once more against his father before fleeing to Brittany,where he and his wife and daughters went into hiding with "ChanaoCount of the Bretons" but were captured and murdered[226]. The MariiEpiscopi Aventicensis Chronica records that "Cramnus filiusChlothacharii regis" sought a hiding place from "Childeberto patruosuo" in 555[227]. Paulus Diaconus records that "duce FrancorumChramnichis" laid waste to Trentino after defeating a Lombard invasionof France but was defeated by "Euin Tridentum dux" at "Salurnis"[228].Gregory of Tours records his father, King Clotaire, died on the firstanniversary of the killing of his son Chramn[229]. m CHALDA, daughterof WILLICHAR & his wife --- (-murdered 560). Gregory of Tours recordsthat the wife of Chramn was the daughter of Willichar, but does notname her[230]. The Liber Historiæ Francorum names "Willechariifiliam…Chaldam" as the wife of Chramn, adding in a later passage that"Willecharius…socer eius" fled with the family to "basilicam sanctiMartini"[231]. Gregory of Tours says that Chramn fled to Brittany,where he and his wife and daughters went into hiding with "ChanaoCount of the Bretons" but were captured and murdered[232]. Chramn &his wife had [two or more] children: a) daughters (-murdered 560). Gregory of Tours says thatChramn fled to Brittany, where he and his wife and daughters went intohiding with "Chanao Count of the Bretons" but were captured andmurdered[233]. No indication has been found concerning the number ornames of Chramn´s daughters. King Clotaire had one possible child by Mistress (2): 10. [GUNDOBALD "Ballomer" (-murdered Mar 585). Gregory of Toursrecords that Gundobald claimed to be the son of King Clotaire, whodisowned him, that he was brought up by King Childebert and latersupported by King Charibert. He was received in Italy by GeneralNarses, and married and had sons there before moving toConstantinople. He was invited back to Gaul, landed at Marseille, andwas welcomed by Bishop Theodore[234]. He was declared king atBrives-la-Gaillarde in Dec 584, but was betrayed and captured atComminges by Gontran King of Burgundy, who murdered him[235].] m (inItaly) ---. The name of Gundobald´s wife is not known. Gregory ofTours records that the two sons of Chramn were born in Italy, and thatthey were taken to Byzantium by their father after the death of theirmother[236]. Gundobald & his wife had two children: a) two sons. Gregory of Tours records that the two sons ofChramn were born in Italy, and that they were taken to Byzantium bytheir father after the death of their mother[237]. [146] Regum Merowingorum Genealogia (Cod S. Galli, 732), RegumFrancorum Genealogiæ, MGH SS II, p. 307. [147] Gregory of Tours III.7, pp. 167-8. [148] Gregory of Tours III.11, p. 171. [149] Gregory of Tours III.29, pp. 186-7. [150] Gregory of Tours IV.21, p. 217. [151] Marii Episcopi Aventicensis Chronica 561, MGH Auct. ant. XI, p.237. [152] Gregory of Tours III.6, pp. 166-7. [153] Settipani (1993), p. 66. [154] Gregory of Tours III.4, p. 164. [155] Vita Sanctæ Radegundis Liber I, 2, MGH SS rer. Merov. II, p.365. [156] Gregory of Tours III.7, p. 168. [157] MGH DD Mer (1872), Diplomata Regum Francorum, no. 7, p. 8. [158] Gregory of Tours IX.2, p. 481. [159] Attwater, p. 295. [160] Gregory of Tours IV.3, pp. 197-8. [161] Settipani, p. 70. [162] Gregory of Tours IV.3, pp. 197-8. [163] Liber Historiæ Francorum 27, MGH SS rer Merov II, p. 286. [164] Gregory of Tours IV.9, p. 203. [165] Herimanni Augiensis Chronicon 553, MHG SS V, p. 88. [166] Gregory of Tours IV.3, p. 197. [167] Liber Historiæ Francorum 27, MGH SS rer Merov II, p. 286. [168] Gregory of Tours IV.3, pp. 197-8. [169] Gregory, III 21, and IV 25. [170] Gregory of Tours IV.3, pp. 197-8. [171] Gregory of Tours IV.3, p. 197. [172] Gregory of Tours IV.22, p. 217. [173] Marii Episcopi Aventicensis Chronica 561, MGH Auct. ant. XI, p.237. [174] Herimanni Augiensis Chronicon 563, MHG SS V, p. 88. [175] Gregory of Tours IV.26, p. 219. [176] Herimanni Augiensis Chronicon 563, MHG SS V, p. 88. [177] Gregory of Tours IX.26, p. 513. [178] Gregory of Tours IV.26, p. 219. [179] Gregory of Tours IV.26, pp. 219-21. [180] Gregory of Tours IV.26, p. 220. [181] Gregory of Tours IV.26, p. 219. [182] Plummer, C. (1895) Venerabilis Bædæ opera historica, Tomus prior(Oxford) Bædæ Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum ("Bede HistoriaEcclesiastica (Plummer)"), Book I, Chapter XXV, p. 44. [183] Kirby, D. P. (revised 2000) The Earliest English Kings(Longman), p. 26. [184] Bede Historia Ecclesiastica (Plummer), Book I, Chapter XXV, p.44, and Sharpe, Rev. J. (trans.), revised Stephenson, Rev. J. (1854)William of Malmesbury, The Kings before the Norman Conquest (Seeleys,London, reprint Llanerch, 1989), I, 9, p. 12. [185] Stenton, F. M. (2001) Anglo-Saxon England 3rd edn (OxfordUniversity Press), p. 109. [186] Bede Historia Ecclesiastica (Plummer), Book II, Chapter V, p.90. [187] Gregory of Tours IX.33, p. 518. [188] Gregory of Tours IV.26, p. 219. [189] Gregory of Tours IX.39 and X.15-17, pp. 526 and 567-75. [190] Gregory of Tours IV.3, p. 197. [191] Gregory of Tours IV.22, p. 217. [192] Marii Episcopi Aventicensis Chronica 561, MGH Auct. ant. XI, p.237. [193] Gregory of Tours V.17 and IX.20, pp. 274-5 and 503-7. [194] Fredegar, IV, 14, MGH SS rer Merov II, p. 127. [195] Gregory of Tours IV.25, pp. 218-19. [196] Gregory of Tours IV.25, p. 219. [197] Gregory of Tours V.26, pp. 298-9. [198] RHGF II, p. 536. [199] MGH Conc. I, p. 162. [200] Gregory of Tours IV.25, p. 218. [201] Gregory of Tours IV.25, p. 218. [202] Gregory of Tours IV.25 and V.17, pp. 219 and 275. [203] Marii Episcopi Aventicensis Chronica 577, MGH Auct. ant. XI, p.239. [204] RHGF II, p. 536. [205] Gregory of Tours IV.25 and V.17, pp. 219 and 275. [206] Marii Episcopi Aventicensis Chronica 577, MGH Auct. ant. XI, p.239. [207] RHGF II, p. 536. [208] MGH Conc. I, p. 162. [209] MGH Conc. I, p. 162. [210] Gregory of Tours IX.20, p. 504, the complete text of the treatybeing set out in MGH LL 1, p. 5. [211] Gregory of Tours IV.25, p. 218. [212] Gregory of Tours IV.3, p. 197. [213] The date of her husband's second marriage. [214] Gregory of Tours IV.3, pp. 197-8. [215] Origo Gentis Langobardorum 5, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 4. [216] Historia Langobardorum Codicis Gothani 5, MGH SS rer Lang I, p.9. [217] Pauli Historia Langobardorum I.27, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 68. [218] Liber Historiæ Francorum 27, MGH SS rer Merov II, p. 285. [219] Ex Chronico Marcianensi de Sancta Rictrude, RHGF 3, p. 522. [220] Carmen de Exordio Gentis Francorum, MGH Poetæ Latini æviCarolini II, pp. 142-3. [221] Settipani, C. 'L'apport de l'onomastique dans l'étude desgenealogies carolingiennes', Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. and Settipani, C.(eds.) (2000) Onomastique et Parenté dans l'Occident medieval(Prosopographica et Genealogica, Vol. 3), pp. 185-229. [222] Genealogiæ Karolorum I, MGH SS XIII, p. 245. [223] Gregory of Tours IV.3, p. 197. [224] Gregory of Tours IV.3, p. 197. [225] Gregory of Tours IV.13 and IV.16, pp. 207-8 and 211-12. [226] Gregory of Tours IV 17 and 20, pp. 213 and 215-16. [227] Marii Episcopi Aventicensis Chronica 555, MGH Auct. ant. XI, p.236. [228] Pauli Historia Langobardorum III.9, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 97. [229] Gregory of Tours IV.21, p. 217. [230] Gregory of Tours IV.17, p. 213. [231] Liber Historiæ Francorum 28, MGH SS rer Merov II, pp. 286 and287. [232] Gregory of Tours IV 17 and 20, pp. 213 and 215-16. [233] Gregory of Tours IV 17 and 20, pp. 213 and 215-16. [234] Gregory of Tours VI.24, p. 352. [235] Gregory of Tours VII.10, p. 394 and VII.34-38, pp. 418-23. Wood(1994), pp. 93-100, discusses the significance of Gundobald'srebellion in the context of contemporary politics. [236] Gregory of Tours VII.36, p. 419. [237] Gregory of Tours VII.36, p. 419.

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Titel	Familienstammbaum Engelken
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Hochgeladen	2014-12-22 06:03:51.0
Einsender	Roger Engelken
E-Mail	rengelken@msn.com
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